Volume Formula For a Cube Tutors

Volume Formula For a Cube Tutors A cube is a 3-dimensional solid geometric figure containing 6 faces, all of which are congruent squares. Since each face of a cube is a square, hence all the sides of a cube are equal to each other. We can find the surface area and the volume of the cube according to their respective formulas. Volume of a cube is the amount of space contained inside a cube and the volume formula of the cube depends on the side length of the cube. Example 1: Calculate the volume of the cube whose side length measures 5m? Given the side length of the cube, s = 5m Volume of a cube is the amount of space contained inside the cube and it is given by the formula: Volume of a cube, V = s3 Therefore volume of the given cube, V = (5m)3 This gives: Volume, V = 125m3 Therefore the volume of a cube whose side measures 5m is 125m3 Example 2: Calculate the volume of the cube whose side length measures 11m? Given the side length of the cube, s = 11m Volume of a cube is the amount of space contained inside the cube and it is given by the formula: Volume of a cube, V = s3 Therefore volume of the given cube, V = (11m)3 This gives: Volume, V = 1331m3 Therefore the volume of a cube whose side measures 11m is 1331m3

Learning How to Sing How Long Should My Voice Lessons Be

Learning How to Sing How Long Should My Voice Lessons Be Suzy S. Interested in learning how to sing? Private voice lessons are a great place to start. But with so many options out there for pricing, lesson length, and location, how do you know whats best for you? Read on as Hayward, CA and online teacher Molly R. shares her recommendation   So, youre signing up for voice lessons and see there are a few options, usually 30 minutes, 45 minutes, or 60 minutes. Which length do you choose , either for yourself or for your child/teen? The first factor to consider is definitely age. My rule of thumb is that lessons for those under 12 should always be 30 minutes. The reason why I believe this works best is because children tend to have much shorter attention spans it’s not necessary to go into as much detail regarding vocal technique and repertoire! It would be much harder to fully engage the student in a longer lesson. Also, keep in mind that when youre first learning how to sing, you are not a fully formed instrument yet: students this young really don’t NEED additional time! For now, it’s a matter of teaching just the basics of both technique and musicianship (while still keeping things fun!) The next thing to consider are your (or the student’s) goals. Are there particular things you aspire to do, such as rock an open mic night, or start auditioning for local musicals? If so, you may want to consider an hour-long lesson. Typically, I spend the first half on vocal technique, and then the second half on polishing your songs with you so you get to feeling that youre “ready for prime time”! But, suppose you don’t care about performing. No, not everyone who signs up for voice lessons dreams of being in the spotlight! Believe it or not, I work with quite a few adults that are terrified at the very thought of it. They take voice lessons with me just because they find it fun and consider it a hobby! In that case, I recommend going with whatever feels right to you, either 30 minutes or an hour. There really isnt a right or wrong. There is plenty you can learn in either time frame. Lastly, consider how quickly you want to make progress. Even if you’re not out to perform, perhaps singing is something you really want to master, just for you. I work with some adult students who prefer hour-long lessons even though they are beginners who don’t want to perform any time soon, if ever. They like longer lessons because they have plenty of time to practice at home and really enjoy the whole process. Likewise, I have students who are very busy and can only fit in 30-minute lesson every other week. These students still work very hard for those 30 minutes, and make the time here and there to practice (sometimes during their work commute!). Keep in mind that many teachers are willing to customize for you. Maybe you usually do 30 minutes, but once in a while you have an upcoming performance you really want to make solid and would like more help with your song(s). I always allow my students to mix it up, realizing that needs will certainly change. So, the short answer? It’s all up to you if you’re a teen or adult singer. We are all different, so there is no one way to do voice lessons when youre learning how to sing! Molly R. teaches online and in-person singing lessons in Hayward, CA. Her specialties include teaching beginner vocalists, shy singers, children, teens, lapsed singers, and older beginners. She joined TakeLessons in November 2013. Learn more about Molly  here! Interested in Private Lessons? Search thousands of teachers for local and live, online lessons. Sign up for convenient, affordable private lessons today! Search for Your Teacher Photo by Penn State

What is a College Seminar

What is a College Seminar During college, you may encounter a specific type of course format: the seminar. College seminar courses are typically small, and are generally led by a professor. They are often higher-level classes that focus on a specialized subject area in a given major or minor. Students are expected to participate regularly in college seminars, including giving presentations and participating in discussions. There are many ways that students can succeed in a college seminar course, including emphasizing their participation, remaining distraction-free, and actively listening during class sessions. Keep reading to learn more about college seminars: Which majors rely on college seminar courses? Any major can offer a seminar course, but some specializations lend themselves more readily to this format. Others may lean toward classes that utilize lectures. You may encounter a seminar in: A language course A literature course A philosophy course And others. Higher-level courses are often focused on discussion and investigation, rather than simple mastery of information and skills. In such instances, a seminar class is particularly useful. [RELATED: What I Wish I Knew About Picking a College Major] How to succeed in a college seminar If youre used to lecture courses, or if youre a little shy, you might feel intimidated by a seminar class. But you shouldnt beanyone is capable of succeeding in a college seminar. Here are some tips for success: Focus on your participation in your college seminar In most cases, professors in seminars are looking less for right answers, and more for genuine engagement. Professors participation grades may be among the most highly weighted grades youll receive in a college seminar. So, focus on completing your assignments on time and being prepared for class so you can contribute to conversations in a meaningful way. [RELATED: Top 5 College Study Tips] Put any distractions away during your college seminar This means silencing your smartphone and putting it in your bag. Ensure social media websites and messaging apps are not open on your laptop or tablet. Because seminar class sizes are small, your professor will most certainly notice if youre not paying attentionand he or she will not hesitate to dock points from your final grade. [RELATED: Time Management Tips for Students] Listen to others while in your college seminar A conversation is all about give and take. This holds especially true in seminar courses, where youll be having lots of conversations with the people around you for the entire semester. Its easy to talk a lot during a college seminar, and less easy to listen to others. Try to balance your speaking with listening. Hearing others input will help you shape your thoughts and opinions more cohesively so you can more meaningfully contribute to the conversation. Any topics you want to know more about? Let us know! The Varsity Tutors Blog editors love hearing your feedback and opinions. Feel free to email us at blog@varsitytutors.com.

5 Great Reasons to Learn Italian

5 Great Reasons to Learn Italian Why Learn How to Speak Italian? ChaptersItalian: An Easy Language to LearnItaly’s Exceptional Cultural HeritageHow Learning Italian can Land you a JobThe Role of Cuisine in Italian CultureWhere to Learn ItalianIf you’ve always dreamt of experiencing one of the world’s most culturally rich, naturally beautiful countries which boasts some of the finest cuisine, why not learn the language that goes with it?Of course, we’re talking about learning Italian!Being able to speak even basic Italian will open up many doors for you, and as the language of love, learning Italian could be the reason you meet your future amore.If you’ve always fancied learning Italian as a foreign language but still need some convincing, we’ll try to win your over with these five fantastic reasons to study Italian.The Ray-Bans that you sport in the Mediterranean sun on your holiday and the Colnago that makes all of your cycling pals jealous are just two of the many famous brands to come out of Italy.Even the famous hazelnut spread, Nu tella, is made by Italian company Ferrero, and how could we forget Ferrari?Knowing how to speak Italian and being familiar with the county’s culture will put you a step ahead when it comes to finding a job, regardless of whether it’s in the UK or in Italy.Once you’ve got yourself a position in a company, networking and negotiating will become significantly easier, even if you only speak conversational Italian as a bare minimum - though taking Italian courses London or another town near you can improve your chances of success.In order to give yourself the best chance of success in landing a job with an Italian company, don’t be afraid to put some effort into how you present yourself â€" the Italians love people with good fashion sense!The Role of Cuisine in Italian CultureIf you’re a fan of Italian cuisine and enjoy a good glass of wine, Italy is the place for you!Italy’s food and its exports are famous all over the world. It inspires pasta lovers, pizza fanatics and thos e who love seafood. Bruschetta with olive oil, antipasti, seafood spaghetti, pesto, there is so much to fall in love with.Italian dishes are often balanced in terms of nutritional value, and fresh produce is mostly used to create them.Fall in love with Italy's cuisine ¦ source: Pixabay - klausneuItaly is also famous for its wine culture. Its white wines such as the Trebbiani d’Abbuzo, a dry wine from the Abruzzo region, or the Soave, which comes from Veneto, very dry and less fragrant, go perfectly with Italian specialities such as fried scampi and grilled lemon chicken.Those who prefer red will be fond of Barbaresco or Barolo, which has aromas of cacao and spices.Tuscany is also famous for its red wine production. Brunello di Montalcino has a powerful and complex aroma â€" and let’s not forget Chianti, probably the most well-known of the Italian wines.Speaking the language has undeniable advantages when it comes to discovering the local gastronomy. You’ll have the tools to b e able to discuss how the food is cooked and the wine-making process with those who are directly involved.Where to Learn ItalianItalian is offered in some of the UK’s secondary schools, however, it is quite rare as languages such as French and German tend to take centre stage.School pupils usually choose their GCSE options before they start year 10, and schools usually encourage them to choose at least one language course.Sadly, Italy’s status as a minor language (compared to the likes of French, Spanish and German) means few people are qualified to teach it in the classroom, and therefore, fewer people learn it.However, studying Italian proves to be a great asset in the world or work, particularly when dealing with international business.Learning to speak Italian, or learning a new language at all can often be considered as an opening of the mind.Today, most major UK cities have organisations dedicated to teaching languages, and even though they may not be a part of the nationa l curriculum, their teaching is just as effective as the teaching in schools.Here are just a few ways you can learn Italian outside of school:at a language schoolan Italian cultural centreat evening classesthrough private tutoringThe quickest way to get started and make progress in your Italian learning is to find a one to one Italian tutor who can meet you in person or help you learn Italian online via a webcam connection.Find the best places to live and study as an Italian student in Italy.Learning a language demands regular practice and a good level of motivation, and finding an Italian tutor will give you the best chance of achieving this, as you prepare you Italian grammar exercises and listening comprehension homework every week.

A Practical Guide To Cities In Germany

A Practical Guide To Cities In Germany Must See Historic And Modern Germany Cities ChaptersThe Must-See Cities For Your German ItineraryThe Capital City Of Germany: Berlin,The City Of Bavarian Beer: MunichCity Of History And Modernity: HamburgGermany's Oldest City: CologneThe Economic Centre Of Germany: FrankfurtA German Town Between Two Shores: DüsseldorfA Spa Town In The Middle Of The Black Forest: Baden-BadenWhen you are planning to visit Germany, as with any country in the world you have to make a plan about what it is that you want to do and what do you want to experience while you are there. Germany is a country with a long history and a culture that has integrated itself outside of Germany too.Going to Germany is an excellent idea if you love German culture or just want to find out more about it. But one thing is for sure that you will have a unique trip and you may be lucky enough to discover some new things too. Germany located in Central Europe and shares borders with 8 other European countries. It is one of the wealthiest countries in Europe economicall y and culturally speaking, not to mention German cuisine and snacks, which are always a real treat!Germany has lots of great attractions and attractive architecturally rich cities which are perfect for sightseeing. No matter which city in Germany you go to, you are bound to find something exciting and culturally intriguing.Superprof has prepared a list of the must-see German cities that you should try to visit during your stay in Germany. They are guaranteed to help you to discover the German culture and heritage.Shopping trips, scenic parks, monuments, King Ludwig ii’s castles and palaces, Oktoberfest, cultural excursions, gastronomic tastings, evening entertainment,  and wine tasting tours. Are all the things you can add to the daily itineraries of your tour of Germany.If you only have time for a short city tour, you would do well to visit Berlin. Photo Source: Unsplash SönkeGerman Teacher 5.00 (5) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ClaudiaGerman Teacher 4.89 (9) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SefaGerman Teacher £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors HilaryGerman Teacher 5.00 (16) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors LisaGerman Teacher 5.00 (8) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ChrisGerman Teacher 5.00 (19) £39/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors WendyGerman Teacher 5.00 (2) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors HowardGerman Teacher 5.00 (6) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsThe Must-See Cities For Your German ItineraryNo matter where you go when you travel to Germany you will pass through one of the big cities of the country. Cities like Stuttgart which is the epicentre of German culture, Nuremberg which is famous for its world-renowned Christmas market, Dresden which is the city of art in Germany or The Old Town of Rothenburg, which looks like a place frozen in time.German cities are full of history, culture and traditional German heritage, while also being modern and cosmopolitan. Let’s take a look at some of the best cities in Germany for travellers to visit while travelling through the country.Check out even more German courses on Superprof.The Capital City Of Germany: Berlin,We can not and should not talk about Germany without mentioning its capital Berlin. Berlin is Germanys biggest city and is a melting pot of culture with a very international vibe. Like all large cities, it has all of the modern conveniences that you can expect like transport, Universities, banks, embassies etc. Politically it is the most critical place in the country, as the seat of the German government and house of parliament are there.As well as modernity and government, there is also history, you can visit many monuments all which tell a story of Berlin's history and German history collectively. Some attractions worth seeing when you visit Germany are:The Brandenburg Gate,The Reichstag Palace,The Victory Column,La place Gendarmenmarkt,The Berlin Wall Memorial,La Po tsdamer Place,The TV Tower,Berlin Cathedral (Berliner Dom).Berliners are as friendly and open-minded as their city which means a high majority of people speak English. Which makes it a perfect place to visit for any city trip or as part of a more extended holiday within the country. You need at least a few days to explore Berlin city, it is a fantastic bustling destination.The City Of Bavarian Beer: MunichAs the third largest city in Germany, Munich has several assets which entice you to discover it on your trip. Like the castle of Nymphenburg, the cathedral of Munich or the Marienplatz. Munich is famous in Bavaria for Oktoberfest festival, which is an end of the year German beer festival, which has folk culture at its root. It is the perfect place to enjoy the very best of German beers and to have fun.Dresden is the capital of Saxony, in eastern Germany. Photo Source: Unsplash SönkeGerman Teacher 5.00 (5) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ClaudiaGerman Teacher 4.89 ( 9) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SefaGerman Teacher £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors HilaryGerman Teacher 5.00 (16) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors LisaGerman Teacher 5.00 (8) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ChrisGerman Teacher 5.00 (19) £39/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors WendyGerman Teacher 5.00 (2) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors HowardGerman Teacher 5.00 (6) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsCity Of History And Modernity: HamburgHamburg is a city in northern Germany, which is located on the river Elbe and close by the North Sea and the border of Denmark. Hamburg has a functioning international port as well as significant historical heritage. Indeed, with its many canals and period buildings, the beautiful city of Hamburg has a charm that may loosely remind you of Venice.Sign up for many German courses London here.Visiting the stunning city of Hamburg will give you a different idea of Germany as it is one of the only cities that connect the sea and river waterways. As well as having numerous islands to discover with the many River cruises on offer. This allows you to experience a different side of Germany, especially if you visit in the summer where you can partake of the beautiful River cruises without freezing. Between the cultural visits, parks, scenery and nightlife, the culinary specialities of the region and island discoveries. There is a lot to do in the beautiful city of Hamburg including:Le Zoo Tierpark Hagenbeck,The fish market,The district of Saint Pauli,The telecommunication tower Heinrich Hertz,The Museum of Fine Arts Hamburg,The Saint Michel church,Park Planen a Blomen,The harbour and the Hamburg beaches,State Opera Hamburg.Hamburg offers an unmissable experience!Germany's Oldest City: CologneIn the West of Germany, in the Rhine Valley, lies the city of Cologne, which is a major European metropolis. Tourists will love the activities offered by the city including Cologne Cathedral - an architectural and heritage wonder, several museums such as the Chocolate Museum and the Ludwig Museum. Finally, there is lots of fun for the family too, Cologne also has an amusement park named Phantasialand just 10 km from its centre!Other things to do in Cologne:Cologne is also famous for its specialities like the famous Eau de Cologne.The city of Cologne is also very close to the city of Bonn, the hometown of Beethoven!Finally, do not hesitate to taste Cologne's traditional beer, Kölsch!This place has plenty to occupy the travelers with its many tourist attractions. Photo Source: UnsplashThe Economic Centre Of Germany: FrankfurtFrankfurt is one of the reasons that Germany has a reputation for being one of Europe's leading powerhouses. Frankfurt is undoubtedly the economic and financial heart of Germany. It is a business city, home to the largest airport in Europe and it also has a lot to offer the average tourist.Frankfurt city sits on the r iver main, towering over the waters with its modern architecture. One of the buildings called the ‘Main Tower’ allows visitors a panoramic view of the entire city. But despite its modernity, Frankfurt also has a historical part that is worth visiting. The Römerberg or historic centre of Frankfurt, located in the district of Sachsenhausen has various taverns. Where it is possible to taste a kind of local cider, called Apfelwein.A German Town Between Two Shores: DüsseldorfDüsseldorf is an eclectic city with a mix of historical and modern architecture, separated by water the city is kept connected 7 landmark bridges. Half of the city can be defined as current with futuristic constructions and the other side as full of historical heritage. The historical side includes the old port which is now classified as a UNESCO World Heritage site.As well as being an exciting city, Düsseldorf is also the fashion capital of Germany with the Königsallee, a luxury shopping paradise which lies in the old town.Dusseldorf is also a city where you can have fun during pleasant evenings and where you can try the best in German food and German wine. Best of all if you visit Dusseldorf in late February and early March you will get to visit the Rhine carnival. You can not get more German than that, Come on, visit Düsseldorf!A Spa Town In The Middle Of The Black Forest: Baden-BadenAlthough not officially a city it is a must mention bonus. This town which is something between a spa and forest resort, Baden-Baden has something extra special to attract tourists who want to relax and melt away stress and strains of life. Unique in Germany, Baden-Baden is set between the Rhine Plain and the Black Forest.The city is famous for its hot healing baths, but that is not all, it is also renowned for its casino, palaces and museums. Baden-Baden is one of the most beautiful cities in Germany with its picturesque scenery and charm all nestled into the enchanting setting of the forests trees, h istoric bridges and the flowing river. Finally, if you want to take a walk or hike, you can walk to the edge of the city and find yourself surrounded by nature. Take a walk in the National Park of the Black Forest to and try to imagine Hansel and Gretel leaving their breadcrumbs there.The places in Germany are endless, and there is so much to see, to suit all travelers tastes and all types of holiday styles. Of course, there are many more spectacular cities (Hannover, Heidelberg, Augsburg, Aachen, Mannheim or Saarbrücken) in Germany that you can explore and discover. But I hope this gets you started, on your discovery to Germany and its treasures. If you need more inspiration, you can take a look at the German Tourist board. There is so much to enjoy, Have fun!.

Learn the History of Embroidery

Learn the History of Embroidery A Beginner’s Introduction on the History of Embroidery ChaptersEmbroidery Designs Throughout History Starting in The Bronze AgeIron Age and Dark Age EmbroideryEmbroidery Stitches for Medieval TapestriesEmbroidery History In Gold and WhiteTudor Embroidery FlowersThe 19th Century of Embroidery to the PresentSince the beginning of time, people have adorned their clothing with fancy needlework and hand embroidery. Be it by sewing shells on a shirt, cutting out patterns in leather skirts, sewing gold and precious stones onto a dress or adding a needle-woven border to simple linen shifts, early civilisations found many ways to embellish their clothing. It is therefore rather surprising to find that the art of embroidery can’t be traced back earlier than about 600 BC. This may in part be due to the fact that very few early textiles have survived. And of those that have, not all have been examined by textile specialists. For example, early Egyptian fabric was often marked with hieroglyphs mentioning the owner or the quality. What is unclear is whether these marks were needle-stitched or woven directly into the cloth, as woven bands and even repeated woven designs are known from some Egyptian textile finds of the period from about 1340 BC.Looking for sewing courses London?5th century BC. In Bronze Age Scandinavia, stem stitch and various twined and buttonhole stitches were used to embellish clothes.Learn how to embroider with our beginner tutorial...Iron Age and Dark Age EmbroideryIn the 5th/6th centuries AD, when Egypt was part of the Byzantine Empire, the festive, wide tunics of the period were decorated with roundels and panels. Most of these decorative strips with their marine and pastoral designs were woven in a technique similar to Jacquard weaving. But a few roundels have survived in split, stem, and chain stitch. Like later Dark Age examples where line stitches were used to fill out forms, the outline of the figures was stitched first, with the embroidery continuing in an inwards spiral until the section was fille d. Chain stitch is a technique we find again in later Dark Age textiles; in the 7th century, the burial garment of the Merovingian Queen Bathilda  used chain stitch to imitate her precious jewellery - as she retreated to the Abbey of Chelles at the end of her life, she had probably left the real jewellery behind or donated it to the abbey. In honour of her queenly status, the simple white shift she was buried in was stitched with rows of necklaces and several brooches. The 10th century embroideries from Mammen in Denmark used stem stitch and herringbone stitch for animal figures and bands depicting acanthus leaves and human faces. Though they are too fragmentary to know for sure, they probably decorated a cloak or tunic.Also discover how you can get started in embroidery...Crafting Goldwork in the Dark AgesGold has long fascinated mankind with its rich sheen and its failure to oxidise. They found ways to wear it - making it into jewellery, and eventually adding an embroidered gold f inishing it onto their clothes. Gold thread were generally couched into place with wool and later silk thread as it can’t be sewn in the traditional sense. Though gold was probably incorporated into clothing at a much earlier date, one of the earliest confirmed use of gold embroidery is from the tomb of Merovingian Queen Arnegunde of the 6th century BC. Her outer garment had goldwork embroidery cuffs in a rosette design .Goldwork from the sleeve cuffs of Queen Arnegunde. Die Franken: Wegbereiter Europas. Exhibition Cataloguie. Mainz: von Zabern, 1996.A small fragment from the late 8th to early 9th centuries from Maaseik, Belgium uses surface couching for gold threads and split stitch on the backgrounds - a precursor to the Opus Anglicanum of the medieval period. The stole and maniple of St. Cuthbert used stem stitch for the outline and, again, split stitch for filling in the figures. The gold thread for the background was held in place with simple couching.Discover how you can lea rn to sew with easy embroidery patterns!single stitches are laid crosswise and couched. Bayeux stitch is commonly referred to as laid and couched work; in Scandinavia, where it probably originated, it is called Refilsaum.KlosterstitchIn the cloisters of Northern Germany, nuns made elaborate wall hangings for the choirs of their church in a special couched stitch known as Klosterstich, “cloister stitch”. In the 13th-16th centuries, the monasteries of Lüne, Ebstorf, Heiningen and Wienhausen produced beautiful tapestries in brilliant colours depicting biblical and allegorical scenes and scenes from popular novels of the period (Ywain, Tristan). Though now Klosterstich has survived almost exclusively from Northern Germany, a few examples from southern Germany suggest it was more common than the evidence suggests - it is possible that there it was mostly produced in a secular context. Klosterstich is a self-couching technique - that is, the thread laid down is the same as the thread used for couching. Klosterstich is worked with vertical laid stitches. They are set from top to bottom and couched from bottom to top. In Klosterstich the couching stitches are practically invisible, separating it from similar techniques such as bokhara stitch, where the couching stitches make patterns atop the base embroidery. Roumanian stitch is also similar, but is worked horizontally rather than vertically.German Brick StitchGerman brick stitch is a counted-stitch embroidery technique using a variation of brick stitch somewhat reminiscent of bargello. Where brick stitch only uses stitches of the same length, medieval German brick stitch will sometimes use up to three different lengths to make the pattern. It was popular in the 14th and 15th centuriesBrick stitch often uses colourful geometric patterns in counted stitch. Photo credit: Catrijn on Visual hunt / CC BY-NC-NDThe most common form is a recurring geometric pattern covering an entire surface. It was mostly used for purse s, cushions, and hangings for furniture, but wall hangings in German brick stitch have survived, including some that show figurative scenes. You can find some patterns based on originals here.Kloster? Bayeux? Learn how to sew these and other easy embroidery stitches...Embroidery History In Gold and WhiteThe following two techniques were used mostly for religious pieces and have yielded some of the most beautiful examples of medieval embroidery.Opus Teutonicum or German whiteworkDuring the period of Lent just before Easter, the usual, richly-decorated altar cloths and hangings were packed away and replaced by white ones. But just because they were white didn’t mean they weren’t decorated: starting from the 12th century, whitework altar cloths have survived using a variety of stitches including stem stitch, chain stitch, long-armed cross-stitch, buttonhole stitch, brick stitch and a variety of openwork techniques. In harmony with the theme of Lent, they depicted the death and resu rrection of Christ.Opus AnglicanumThe Middle Ages brought for several goldwork techniques, including or nué (a couching technique with amazingly subtle shading) used from the 15th century onwards. But the most common was the so-called Opus Anglicanum. The term was coined in the 13th century for a technique that existed long before - the same we have already seen for the 8th/9th century Maaseik embroideries. English embroiderers were famous for their ecclesiastical vestments in gold and silk, so that anything in that technique was called “English work”. In a secular context, small bags and pouches showing lovers or scenes from medieval novels have also survived in Opus Anglicanum.Opus anglicanum was used for religious garments such as this cope. English goldwork was famous throughout Europe. 27.162.1Metropolitan museum of Art / CC0 1.0The coloured part of the embroidery is done in split stitch, with the gold couched in place.Learn more about embroidery by joining a sewing class near you. Even in Scotland, you can find sewing classes Glasgow or Edinburgh.Tudor Embroidery FlowersThe Tudor Period is a Golden Age of embroidery for any historian - an amazing amount of pieces have survived, including some in Elizabeth’s own hand.This cover for a book of poem was embroidered by Queen Elizabeth I herself when she was a girl. English Embroidered Bookbindings by Cyril James Humphries Davenport, F. S. A,. edited by Alfred Pollard, London, 1899BlackworkThough black embroidery was known in England before that, the introduction of blackwork to the English court is credited to Catherine of Aragon who supposedly brought it over from her native Spain when she married King Henry VIII in 1509. In the Tudor period, it was a common decoration for shirt cuffs, smocks and bonnets. It is a form of counted-thread embroidery  generally done in black, very often in Holbein stitch. Though it could be done in other colours as well, it was almost always monochrome. Diaper patterns we re used for filling.A painting of Elizabeth I showing blackwork embroidery on the sleeves and bodice. By Unknown - Scanned from Thomasina Beck, The Embroiderer's Flowers, Devon, England: David Charles, 1992, ISBN 0715399012, Public Domain,Floral motifsElizabethan embroidery otherwise used a number of stitches, of which some of the most common were tent stitch, gobelin stitch, running stitch, detached buttonhole and chain stitch. Intricate floral designs were the most common; and stumpwork became popular at that period.Learn what supplies you need in your kit to start simple embroidery projects!The 19th Century of Embroidery to the PresentWhat student of 19th-century literature doesn’t remember poor Fanny Price undoing stitches in Lady Thomas’s tapestry-work to do them again correctly? The embroidering lady is an enduring image of the 19th century, and indeed, many of the embroidering techniques popular today were used at that time. Various articles of daily life were embroidere d, from fireplace screens to footstools to doilies and “tidies”, to little bags and huswifs (needle rolls). As over the course of the 20th century machine embroidery became easier and embroidery was no longer the fashionable embellishment of choice for clothing, it became purely a hobby while at the same time ascending to an art form, with embroidered images being created solely for the joy of owning them.Ready to start sewing? Find sewing classes near me  or online sewing classes.

Learning Specialist - Isnt that just a tutor

Learning Specialist - Isn’t that just a tutor Improving Academic Performance Tutors have existed for as long as man. Elders helping the younger generation learn the skill sets necessary to survive in their environment. Of course, early tutoring focused more on gathering food and creating shelter than on memorizing math tables. Fast forward to our test driven and memorization based school curriculum. Students have to absorb and repeat mountains of information on a regular basis. They have to work quickly, efficiently, and a strong competitive sense emerges in most classrooms from an early age. Most parents feel their children need to keep up, and some are concerned with even “Average” performance. As a result, Americans spend billions of dollars each year for tutoring support for their children. A tutor is a very useful tool for many students. Tutors help their pupils learn facts, study for tests, and become more fluent and efficient with a range of academic tasks. But what happens when those academic deficiencies are driven by difficulties processing information? Does the tutoring work? My clinical experience would indicate that often it does not. When students come to Cognitive Solutions Learning Center in Chicago, many are initially assessed to better understand their processing and functioning through a comprehensive evaluation. Having information about how the brain processes information is highly useful when planning how to best help a student remediate areas of processing difficulty. Specialized interventions can be designed which are aimed at developing a student’s underlying cognitive and processing deficiencies. This makes the process of tutoring much more targeted and effective. Tutors come in all shapes and sizes, with a wide variance in education, background, and experience. They range from high-school and college students looking to make some extra money to retired teachers who love helping children, and everywhere in between. How well a tutor can help a student often depends on their experience and their ability to develop a strong rapport. But what they can do is often limited. Without understanding of and intervention with underlying processing deficiencies, many students will not make the expected levels of progress they are working so hard to gain. This frequently leads to frustration on the part of the student, the tutor, and the teachers and parents. A learning specialist is someone who typically possesses a minimum of a Master’s Degree in a special education related field. The have extensive experience reading and interpreting psychoeducational and neuropsychological evaluations, and are able to use these documents to create intensive and effective remediation programs. Many work as special education teachers in the school system, and develop private interventions for students in after-school hours. Learning specialists work to strengthen underlying brain processing, at the same time helping the student develop a strong academic skill base. A student who has difficulty reading will often begin work with a tutor. They will typically work to develop stronger fluency, decoding, and compression skills. But what if the student isn’t making progress in this work? What if all the repetition and multi-sensory teaching are not working? That is where an understanding of processing can better assist a learning specialist in their work. Many students who struggle to read have some form difficulty with their auditory, visual, or executive processing systems. A learning specialist will work to develop reading skills similar in a manner similar to a tutor, however they will also design and implement a targeted intervention to address any underlying processing deficiencies. This might include auditory processing work, expressive or receptive language development, visual tracking and visual motor work, or executive skills development. Strengthening how the brain processes information while at the same time developing academic skills m akes for a powerful and effective remediation program. The same processing difficulties can be true for students with a range of learning disabilities, including dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia. Often times, difficulties processing information through one of the systems mentioned is a strong underlying factor in their struggles to learn. Students diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ADHD) often have executive deficiencies that can be strengthened through targeted work with a learning specialist. While tutoring is beneficial for many students who simply require some extra practice or “brush up” on skills, it is often ineffective for students who struggle to develop learning skills. These students frequently see far better outcomes when their academic interventions are designed more broadly to target and strengthen areas of their brain that aren’t properly processing the world around them. At Cognitive Solutions, many students come to us after multiple unsuccessful attempts at tutoring. Our learning specialists create highly individualized remediation plans, and work with students to strengthen academic functioning, processing capacities, and self-esteem. For more information on Cognitive Solutions Learning Center in Chicago, please feel free to visit us online at www.helpforld.com.

Aelfrics Grammar, the First Grammar Book Written in English -

Aelfric’s Grammar, the First Grammar Book Written in English - Aelfrics Life Probably not Aelfric If you are a fan of BBCs story of Uhtred and Alfred, The Last Kingdom, you might be interested to learn about an important scholar working at that time, called Aelfric. Who was Aelfric? Aelfric of Wessex (955-1020) wrote the first grammar of Latin in a vernacular language. The Historical Context ofAelfrics Life In the two centuries leading up to Ælfric’s birth, Latin scholarship was in such decline in England that when King Alfred came to the throne in 871, he complained that almost no one south of the Humber could translate a letter out of Latin. The principal cause for this decline was the constant harassment by the Danes during their prolonged campaign of incursion and occupation. However, the English enjoyed a short reprieve under King Alfred who did much to prevent further cultural and economic decline during his reign by halting the Danes at a line running northwest from London to Chester (Law, 1997). He managed this by buying a five-year peace with a large tribute, fortifying the South, and then taking and occupying London in 886. Thirteen years later, in 899, after devoting his remaining years to the restoration of English learning and culture, and promoting translation of Latin texts into the vernacular, King Alfred died. And it was only in 954, a year before Ælfric was born, that Alfred’s grandson Ædred managed to expel Eric Bloodaxe, the last of the Scandinavian kings, from England. (Hurt, 1972). Thirteen years later, in 899, after devoting his remaining years to the restoration of English learning and culture, and promoting translation of Latin texts into the vernacular, King Alfred died. And it was only in 954, a year before Ælfric was born, that Alfred’s grandson Ædred managed to expel Eric Bloodaxe, the last of the Scandinavian kings, from England. (Hurt, 1972). At the time of Ælfric’s birth, England was a very different place. Half of southern England was dense, virgin forest, and the total population of the island was only about one million. Although London and Winchester were not mentioned in the Doomsday census, York, a city of comparable size to Winchester at the time had 8000 people living there (Hurt, 1972). Today, Winchester has over a hundred and seven thousand (“National Statistics,” 2005) During Ælfric’s lifetime, four different kings occupied the English throne. The fourth in the list came to the throne when Ælfric was 23 years old. His name was King Æthelræd, a 10-year old boy known by the epithet Æthelræd Unræd, meaning “Noble counsel, no counsel.” His troubled reign (978-1016) was characterized by renewed attacks by the Danish and the six enormous tributes paid to buy peace from them. While the strategy had succeeded a century earlier under Alfred, during Æthelred’s reign paying tributes served only to strengthen the Danes and weaken the English. By all accounts, the political and economic situation during Ælfric’s lifetime was a disaster (Hurt, 1972). Aelfrics Life Ælfric was born somewhere in Wessex, England circa 955 A.D. At the age of fifteen, he entered the Old Monastery at Winchester, a training school for monks, where he studied under Eathelwold. It was there that Ælfric was ordained at the age of thirty, the minimum age for ordination in those days. Two years later, in 987 he went to the newly founded Cernel Abbey in present day Cerne Abbas near Dorchester to teach Latin. It is there between 993 and 995 that he wrote his Glossary, Colloquy and Grammar. In 1005, Ælfric became the abbot of the newly built monastery at Eynsham near present day Oxford (Hurt, 1972), and it was there that he died in 1020 (Crystal, 1995). Apart from this brief outline, not much else is known about his life. Aelfrics Grammar Earlier grammars of the major Greek and Roman grammarians were not generally pedagogical in nature. They were primarily inquiries into the structure of language for the benefit of native speakers (Hurt, 1972). In contrast, medieval grammars were intended above all as aids to learning a second language. In Ælfric’s time, the most common textbooks in circulation were in fact grammar books written by Donatus and Priscian. Born in the fourth century, Ælius Donatus wrote two grammars: Ars Grammatica and Ars Minor. It is from Donatus that Western European languages get their grammatical terminology. Priscian, born in the early sixth century, wrote Institutiones Grammaticæ, “the standard advanced textbook to which the student progressed after mastering the more elementary Donatus” (Hurt, p. 106). Ælfric’s grammar is organized according to the same plan using the 8 parts of speech used by Donatus (Hurt, 1972), but it was an abridged version of Priscian’s Institutiones known as Excerptiones de Prisciano by an unknown editor that Ælfric used as a starting point for his own grammar (Law, 1997), relying on Priscian for many of his examples and definitions. However, despite his debt to Donatus and Priscian, Ælfric’s grammar is more than a synthesis of the two earlier texts. A Grammar for Beginners For one thing, Ælfric wrote his grammar in English. By doing so, he was able to make his grammar suitable for students at a lower proficiency level than required to read either Donatus’ or Priscian’s grammars (Law, 1997). As noted above, with Latin suffering two centuries of decline, he needed his grammar to be accessible to monolingual language learners with little or no prior exposure to Latin. In his preface, he says how he expects to be reproached for this. His aim was not, after all, to train students to write Latin poetry as was the case with Bede and Aldhelm. Ælfric was attempting instead to redress the crisis of basic Latin literacy of his day that had lingered unresolved since King Alfred had complained of it 124 years earlier. Above all, he wanted to provide the key to understanding religious texts. His first hurdle to overcome in making that possible, therefore, was basic comprehension. Furthermore, Ælfric wrote for young students. To improve the comprehensibility of difficult abstract grammatical concepts that are often difficult for young learners, Ælfric developed a complete set of grammatical terms in the English of his day (Hurt, 1972)â€"though there is some evidence to suggest that some of his terms may actually predate him (Law, 1997). New grammatical terms Nevertheless, his literal renderingsâ€"while more comprehensible than their Latin counterpartsâ€"are veritable tongue twisters. For example, Interjectio thus becomes “betwuxaworpennys” and subjunctivus becomes “underðeodendlic” (Hurt, p.111). While it is unlikely that Ælfric intended for these renderings to be replacements for the Latin terms, showing no preference himself for either the traditional Latin or English versions, he did use some English terms consistently in place of the Latin terms. They were tid, cynn, word, and stæf for tempus, genus, verbum, and littera respectively (Hurt, 1972). Whatever his particular contribution to English meta-terms may have been, none survived the Norman invasion of 1066, and all the terms we have today are borrowings from Latin from a later time. Ælfric’s grammar is both a simplification and a clarification of his sources. He follows Priscian’s anonymous editor by leaving out all Greek from his grammar, but goes a step further by eliminating long lists and digressions retained by the editor (Law, 1997). Also, he leaves out an entire section on swearing (Hurt, 1972), pointing out the Christian prohibition against making oaths (Matthew 5:37). Additions, expansions, and substitutions Ælfric’s grammar, in some respects, expands on Donatus and Priscian. For example, he includes paradigms of each major type of noun within each declensionâ€"absent in Priscian.  Similarly, all regular and some irregular verb paradigms also not present in Priscian are added. Another insertion by Æflric is his digressions on aspects of Latin morphology treated inadequately in Donatus’s grammars (Law, 1997). Although he makes only a few Latin-English contrasts, he does make a point of illustrating how some words in Latin have a different gender in English. Also, he mentions how all six Latin conjunctions are equivalent to one word in English: and.   Among the similarities between the two languages, he notes that Latin and English both have 8 parts of speech and that both employ the impersonal mood only very rarely.  Most significantly, Ælfric appended to his grammar a several hundred word Glossary arranged by topicâ€"not alphabeticallyâ€"most likely based on Etymologies by Isidore of Seville (Hurt, 1972). Some substitutions are apparent. He replaces proper nouns with Eadgar and Dunstan, names familiar to him from his own school years. Pagan examples are Christianized with one example using Æneas being replaced with King David. He also disagrees with his sources on two occasions, citing evidence form biblical passages. In one, he challenges the Excerptiones on the form of the word sanguis pointing out that in scripture it is sanguinum. The second exception he makes is to a prescriptivist prohibition by Donatus against the compound adverbs de intus and de foris, both found in scripture (Law, 1997). Conclusion Using Crystal’s taxonomy (1995), Ælfric’s is a traditional grammar, presenting language forms in a highly analytical way and relying on high scripture for examples. While pedagogically prescriptive in the sense that it lists correct forms to be learned, it does not insist upon the prohibitions and forms of earlier authorities. One could almost say that it is descriptive in the sense that, for Ælfric, the Bible was his language corpus. In terms of his contrastive analysis, Law and Hurt both agree that his grammar offers little insight to the modern linguist into the nature of Middle English. Sadly Ælfric’s Grammaticus survives only as a museum piece. His (by some accounts) original metalanguage was lost, and his grammar is now of interest only to historians and specialists. While impressive for his time, the few books that are available on him at the Concordia library look as though they have never been opened. For instance, Hurt’s highly readable Ælfric, though printed 33 years ago, looks brand new. However, there is a lot that language teachers will find inspiring about Ælfric. His sincere dedication to the “ignorant children” in his care, and his energetic attempts to make the target language as comprehensible and practical as possible for learners is admirable for his or any age. Discussion Questions In what way are the challenges facing language teachers today similar to the challenges Ælfric faced a millennium ago?Does Ælfric deserve a place in the pantheon of grammarians or should he be passed over as a minor figure in the history of our linguistics?What is the pedagogical value of explaining grammar in the language of the learner, as opposed to using the target language as the language of instruction? References Crystal, David. (1995). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Hurt, James (1972). Aelfric. Twayne Publishers, New York. Law, Vivien (1997). Grammar and grammarians in the early middle ages. Longman, New York. National Statistics, Retreived January, 2005, fromhttp://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/pyramids/pages/24up.asp White, Caroline (1974). Aelfric a new study of his life and writing. Archon Books, Hamden, CT. 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